HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY NOTES

AMERICAN HISTORY

The first English settlement was Jamestown (Va.) in 1607.

James I granted land to Plymouth & London Companies in 1606, 1609, and 1620.

            The territory between the 38th & 41st parallels was included in both grants of

            1606  but neither company could make a settlement within 100 miles of one already established.

            The area of 38th to 41st parallels include what is now Maryland, Washington DC, Delaware, New York and parts of other eastern seaboard states.

            The 40th parallel was established as the dividing line (from "sea to sea").

            Massachusetts & Connecticut Charters also extended from "sea to sea".

Other grants were as follows:

            1632 Virginia

            1635 Maine to W. Alexander

            1663 North & South Carolina granted to eight English nobles.

            1664 NY city area to the Duke of York

            1664 NJ to Berkeley and Carteret of the Carolinas

            1681 Pennsylvania to William Penn

Wars:

            France vs. England

                        King Williams War 1689-97

                        Queen Anne's War 1702-03

                        King George's War 1744-48

                        French and Indian War 1754-63.  This war was French-instigated

Massacres of  British colonists by Indians and became a contest for domination of the entire continent.

            England vs. America

                        American Revolution 1775-1783 (resentment began 1764)

                        War of 1812 (policies of Great Britain and France resulted in severe financial

                                    loss to American Merchants)

            American

                        Mexican War 1836-48 (for annexation of Texas)

                        Civil War 1861-65

                        World War I 1914-17

                        World War II (1939-1945)

                        Korean War 1950-53

                        Viet Nam War 1964-1971

                        SCOTTISH HISTORY

The People

Four groups made up Scotland: Picts, Scots (Irish), Britons and Angles.

Picts were Celtic and occupied the estreme north and north-east by 297 AD.  Kingdom was known as Caledonia and later as Pictland.  The areas were known as Strathmore, Perthshire and Scone (on the Highland/Lowland border).  The Picts were the strongest of the four people who made up Scotland.  They were fierce and warlike and successfully resisted the invasion of the Romans.  the Wall of Pius and Hadrian's Wall were built to keep Picts away from the Roman legions.  Picts systematically raided their southern neighbors.  The King of the Picts was MacFergus.  The Picts conquered Dalraida and Strathclyde (in the southwest)

Scots were Celtic and originally from Ireland.  They were in Scotland by 500 AD and their kingdom was known as Dalraida.  The Scots invaded Britain across the Hebrides.  The Royal house of Scotland descends from Scots as does the British monarchy.  The Scots occupied land just north of Strathclyde.  The King of the Scots, Kenneth MacAlpine, was also of a Pictish royal family.

Britons were Celtic and occupied the Lowlands and part of the Roman-Celtic world after the Roman occupation.  This area was known as Strathclyde (near Glasgow).  The Britons were stronger than the Picts and Scots, but  their land eventually became English (Northumbria).

The Angles were European from Bamburg in Germany.  The subdued the Britons at Dumbarton and occupied Strathclyde.  They were attacked by the Danes from Ireland and by the Vikings.

The Union of Scotland

Five factors contributed to the above four kingdoms uniting:

            Common background: similar language/art/folklore, tribal kingdoms, and society  was based  on small homestead inhabited by a group of kinsmen     surrounded by Some land.

            Christianity: seeds sown by Romans 269AD, Bishop Ninian, a Briton, ministered  

To the Picts; St. Columba of Iona ministered to the Scots and Picts.

            Rise of Pictland: good land, territory divided by Grampian Mountains, a preference

            for royalty and king, Kenneth MacAlpine (who was both Pict and Scot).

            Scandanavian attacks: union in 843 caused by Norse pressure; Scandanavian

             occupancy delayed the English invasion, Scandanavians married into Scots, and

             immigration of Norwegian peasants occured in North Ireland.

            Caldonia & Dalriada were united because Kenneth MacAlpin suceeded Angus

            MacFergus. Malcolm II suceeded Kenneth MacAlpin

            King James VI (aka James I of England) unified Scottish nobles.  Scots immigrated

            to Annapolis, Maryland and to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia

The Scottish Monarchy 1034

Malcolm Canmore (King Malcolm III MacDuncan) anglicized Scotland which became Catholic.  His wife was Margaret, an English princess who became St. Margaret.

After Malcolm died, Donald Bane led a rebellion against the family so that eventually David I became king, the feudal system was established, English became the official language, Northumberland (of the Britons) reverted back to England.  The daugher of King Alexander III, was Margaret (the Maid of Norway).  She became Queen, but after her death many claimed the throne.  King Edward I suceeded.

John deBaliol, cousin of Robert the Bruce, and son of King David, became King.  He formed an alliance with France.  William Wallace fought for Scottish Independence in 1302 and Robert the Bruce was crowned King of Scotland in 1306.  The Battle of Bannochburn was fought then to keep Scottish independence.

Scotland lost to England at Durham.  The Stuart kings now ruled.  Robert II, grandson of Robert Burce, founded this dynasty.  This is the time of Scottish Reformation and King Henry VIII of England.

James IV succeeded and used the Campbells and Gordons as government police to enforce judicial reform, colleges, printing, military power, marriages and Auld Alliance with France.  His son, James V, is the father of Mary, Queen of Scots.  When she was beheaded, her son, James VI became King of Scotland as well as (James I) King of England because he was the rightful heir of the crowns of both England and Scotland.  Many Scots left during his reign in the 1600s and went to Anapolis and Cape Breton in Nova Scotia.

Cromwell overthrew the English Monarchy in 1649.  Many Scots were captured and many were sent to Lynn, Massachusetts "to be sold like cattle".

The Clan System

Clans are an integral part of Scottish history.  the person who held title to the land in each territory became responsible for all who were living in that territory.  He became chief.  Within the clan are smaller divisions called Septs.

After the last war for Scottish independence was fought at Culloden, the British broke the clan system.  It was not allowed again until ____ with the Proclamation of Arbroath.

Scottish Wars

Civil War: The son of James VI/I was Charles I who was overthrown by Cromwell in 1649.  The monarchy was restored in 1660

Jacobite Rebellion: the patronizing attitude of England was the underlying cause of the

First Rebellion in 1708.  Other factors were economic, constitutional, and ecclesiastical grievances.  Further, the Toleration Act of 1712 was repugnant to Scotland.  The throne was now English.  Scottish rebels wanted a Scottish monarchy and wanted a Stuart to be King.  They fought for this in 1708, 1715, 1719 and 1745.  They lost each time.

In 1745, Bonnie Prince Charlie was 23.  He raised a contingent in France and landed in Scotland.  There were battles at Perth, Edinburgh, Prestopans.  Supporters of the Prince included MacDonald, Stewart, MacPherson, Robertson.  All wore the kilt and supported Bonnie Prince Charlie.  There were some Camerons, Murray and Campbells and a few Lowland Regiments, but there were genrally no MacLeods.  Prince Charlie, with his 8,000 troops invaded England.  He won at Falkirk, but short supplies, major losses and unwillingness of the Scots to continue, resulted in a retreat to Culloden on April 16, 1745 and the final war for Scottish independence.  As a result, Scotland and England were united.  Prince Charlie was saved by Flora MacDonald, but the Scots were severely punished: 120 Scottish prisoners were executed; 1,150 were exiled/transported;

the kilt and pipes were banned; land of the "traitors" were seized, some Scottish lands were annexed to England, and rents were demanded by chiefs from the tacksmen who immigrated.

The Tacksman

A Tacksman was usually the younger son or other close relative of the Chief.  They enjoyed great social prestige, the same rank as landed gentry, were called Gentlemen, and had a lease of  land (which was sometimes held for as long as 300 years).  They were military lieutenants and essentially a military caste.  They also acted as bankers, magistrates, money collectors, and administrators of justice.  They made up the bulk of early immigration.

Emigration

Ethnic composition and frontiers underwent profound changes because of the American Revolution.  Large numbers of Colonists were loyal to England and 40-50,000 went to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Montreal. 

Reasons for settlement of Scots into Ireland  was because the Scots were given opportunities for land during the colonization of Ireland by England and because they were thought to be able to subdue the rebellious Irish.  The English confiscated many Irish lands and gave them to Scots.  This is really the basis of the current conflicts in North Ireland....not religion...although the Catholic represent the Scots-Irish and the Protestants represent the English.  Thousands of Irish, some Scots-Irish, were transported to America between 1703-1775.

Celts emigrated because it was a chance for escape.  They were restless and wander-lust programmed by their culture.  They also emigrated because of  economics and due to English government/arrogance/superior attitude.

Another cause of emigration (besides Culloden) were the clearances in 1770, overpopulation, land-hunger, increased rents, hopes of a better life, and the potato famine (1845-75).  After the mid-1800s, mostly poorer people left Scotland.

Emigration due to the Clearances were because of forcible eviction from homes, tenants moved from glens to coast, sheep farmers' ability to pay more for rent, small crofts absorbed into bigger holdings and the profitability of grazing sheep

Scots migratd to Ireland in the late 1600s with the reign of James I of England.  Scots then migrated from North Ireland to the colonies about 1715; about one-third went to the Carolinas.

Wagon trains went west in 1842 and 1844.  There were lots of Scots on the trains.  And there was more migration westward after the American Civil War.

U.S. GEOGRAPHY

Major Roads

            Boston to New York to Philadelphia to Norfolk to Charleston

            Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to the Ohio River in the early 1800s.

            Maryland to Indiana in the early 1800s

            Erie Canal 1825 for Westward migration

            Philadelphia Road, after 1774, Scots-Irish went from Philadelphia to the West and

                        South

Wagon Trains:

Most trains were formed in Independence, Missouri.

            The Oregon Trail 1842

                        This train went through Nebraska, along the Platte River,

 through  Wyoming then through the High Sierras to California or to

                       Oregon/Washington

            The Santa Fe Trail  1844

                        This train went from New Mexico to California.